Lessons from Sweden - by Pat Lagerlöf2004-09-01
 In our quest for a better return for woodlot-owners, we often look to countries that have a long history of woodlot owner organisations. While making comparisons, it is important to remember the big difference in history and cultural conditions between us and other jurisdictions. Co-operative efforts among Swedish farmers is a deep-rooted tradition. There is also a strong connection between forestry and farming, in fact, it is difficult to picture a Swedish family farm without a significant woodlot. For this reason, the woodlot owner organisations are natural offshoots from the well established farm co-ops.
The greatest incentive for organising in the 1920's and 30's was the exploitation by forest companies. Threats and intimidation were common, especially in an era when jobs were scarce. The companies did what they could to prevent woodlot owners from organising, such as denying access to waterways, which in many cases were the only means of transporting logs. As history proves, these efforts by the companies backfired rather badly. Instead of giving in to pressure, woodlot owners felt more and more united against the companies, and over time, powerful organisations evolved.
One enterprising young forester by the name of Gösta Edström, emerged as a major force in establishing the Southern Swedish Woodlot Owners as the lead organisation in Sweden in 1938. WWII presented a major opportunity for this and other associations across Sweden. There was a severe shortage of fuel, and the government put out huge tenders for firewood. Edström pushed for, and got, the lion share of these contracts. These were the first major contracts for the associations. This gave them a much-needed boost of confidence, and they gained a lot of business know-how.
It is important to realise that half of Sweden's 22 million hectares of forest consist of privately owned woodlots. When woodlot owners are united, they are a group that is impossible to ignore. As the organisations got stronger, they developed industries of their own in order to gain greater knowledge about the industrial side of forestry and to provide more leverage in negotiations with the companies. This had mixed results: there were some successes, some failures, and one major disaster.
Mälarskog, one of the most progressive organisations, went under in 1982 in the biggest bankruptcy in Sweden since the Great Depression. Thousands lost their jobs, even more lost their life-savings, but worst of all, the organisational structure for marketing wood was lost. The co-op broke up into five smaller ones, none of them able to withstand industry's might. At this time prices were dictated to them rather than negotiated; something that hadn't been seen in Sweden for over 40 years. Added to this, the Swedish forest industry as a whole experienced competitive disadvantages compared to other countries because of the Government's monetary policies. Faced with the possibility of elimination, the woodlot owners realised that they had no choice but to form much larger co-ops in order to reduce the cost of administration and to consolidate the marketing. For this reason, the number of organisations in Sweden has gone from 15 only 15 years ago to 5 today.
Located in central Sweden, Mellanskog has 3.6 million hectares of woodlot forest, twice that of New Brunswick. They sell 5.3 million m3 of wood, the overwhelming majority of which is harvested on contract by the co-op itself, as opposed to having individual contractors and owners sell the wood through a marketing board. Contractors work for the co-op, similar to contractors in New Brunswick who are working for industry. This is also the case for trucking. This aspect is a key element in the bargaining clout the co-op has. In addition to a large wood base, harvesting is meticulously organised. Depending on what products are called for, the contractors have very specific instructions for the specs of the logs that are being produced. Production of species and diameters harvested are reported to the regional logistician daily, who co-ordinates the trucking to the mills as needed. Not only can the co-op commit to a specific volume, they can also provide a controlled woodflow and ship when and where the industry would like to receive it.
Although it is not feasible to copy the Swedish model entirely, there is at least one important lesson to be learned here: In order to receive a fair price for wood, woodlot owners have to co-operate on a much larger scale than what is currently the case in New Brunswick.
Photo courtesy of Mellanskog
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